Where Are R Libraries Mac

06.04.202006.04.2020

The main library of packages is the one located inside the R.framework (in /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/library). This library contains the packages (base and recommended ones) distributed along with R.

Where Are R Libraries Machines
Where Are R Libraries Stored On Mac
Where Are R Packages On Mac
Where Are R Packages Installed Mac
Where Are R Libraries Macbook

Data Analysis‎ > ‎PANDAS‎ > ‎

Calling R from Python

First of all you have to have both R and python installed. You then need to install rpy2. PANDAS recommends that you download version 2.2.x but I have used 2.3.0 without any difficulties. There are multiple ways to do what we want so I will present multiple methods of accomplishing the same goals. The differences in the two will also give insights into how to optimize these methods for your own problems.

This is not a description of how to use R. This is presented for those that already know R and want to call it from within python to use the advanced PANDAs data manipulation tools.

This sets the correct stable version. I had a few difficulties with version above 2.3.0 but those might be fixed in the future

Ok to begin we need to import all the necessary libraries.

import scipy as sp

from rpy2.robjects.packages import importr

import pandas.rpy.common as com

Talking to the R session

A lot of the confusion that can arise is due to the fact that under the hood you can think of python as running its own process of R that you can pass commands to and grab variables from. We can pass commands to the R session as by putting the R commands in the ro.r() method as strings

ro.r('x[1]=22')

print(ro.r('x'))

print(ro.r['x'])

Note that the method of the objects returned by ro.r() are of types that are not python types.

Out[11]: rpy2.robjects.vectors.FloatVector

Method 1

First we will begin by passing some commands to the R instance by reading in some data from one of R's built in datasets. The way how we will do this is first use the ro.r() method to pass a command to the R environment:

Now we will read in the R data.frame into a PANDAS data frame with the following commandNow the variable pydf variable is a PANDAS dataframe in python that can be manipulated like any other.

Out[11]:

count 32.000000 32.000000 32.000000 32.000000 32.000000 32.000000 32.000000

mean 20.090625 6.187500 230.721875 146.687500 3.596563 3.217250 17.848750

std 6.026948 1.785922 123.938694 68.562868 0.534679 0.978457 1.786943

min 10.400000 4.000000 71.100000 52.000000 2.760000 1.513000 14.500000

25% 15.425000 4.000000 120.825000 96.500000 3.080000 2.581250 16.892500

50% 19.200000 6.000000 196.300000 123.000000 3.695000 3.325000 17.710000

75% 22.800000 8.000000 326.000000 180.000000 3.920000 3.610000 18.900000

max 33.900000 8.000000 472.000000 335.000000 4.930000 5.424000 22.900000

vs am gear carb

mean 0.437500 0.406250 3.687500 2.8125

min 0.000000 0.000000 3.000000 1.0000

50% 0.000000 0.000000 4.000000 2.0000

max 1.000000 1.000000 5.000000 8.0000

For instance, let's double the mpg

df.mpg=2*df.mpg

Now you can view it and manipulate it however you want with PANDAS. You could then pass it back to the R instance by first converting pydf to an R data frame

Out[28]: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame

and passing it to R

[1] 40.18125

So we can perform a regression

ro.r(''fit=lm(mpg ~ wt + cyl, data=newmtcars)'')

and we can look at a summary of the fit with

Method 2

Let's start with importing the same routines as before

import scipy as sp

from rpy2.robjects.packages import importr

import pandas.rpy.common as com

but let's now import the importr() method

Now we begin by loading in the R packages

base = importr('base')

We use the datasets.data.fetch('mtcars') method to create an environment with the dataset mtcars in it. This is done because of the way how some of the R data sets can be constructed.

We can load in the dataframe into a PANDAS data frame with the following command

As an aside, if we wanted the R data frame we could do

At this point, rdf0 is an R data frame and cannot be operated on like a PANDAS dataframe

So now df is a data frame which we can manipulate at will. After we are done, we can convert it back to an R data frame

And now we can construct a forumla for our regression:We then pass the needed information to the fit

print(base.summary(fit_full))

 Min 1Q Median 3Q Max 

 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) 
wt -3.1910 0.7569 -4.216 0.000222 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 
Residual standard error: 2.568 on 29 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.8302,Adjusted R-squared: 0.8185 
F-statistic: 70.91 on 2 and 29 DF, p-value: 6.809e-12

Now if you want to see something really cool do the following:

print(ro.r('identify(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$wt)'))

and left click on some points. Right click when you are done. It will label the points in the scatter plot by index so that you can delve into troublesome points.

Just to Show Off

I grabbed thes examples from the official documentation

import rpy2.robjects.lib.ggplot2 as ggplot2

from rpy2.robjects.packages import importr

datasets = importr('datasets')

pp = ggplot2.ggplot(mtcars) +

ggplot2.aes_string(x='wt', y='mpg', col='factor(cyl)') +

ggplot2.geom_smooth(ggplot2.aes_string(group = 'cyl'),

pp.plot()

and

graphics = importr('graphics')

base = importr('base')

y = stats.rnorm(10)

grdevices.X11()

graphics.par(mfrow = array.array('i', [2,2]))

graphics.plot(x, y, ylab = 'foo/bar', col = 'red')

kwargs = {'ylab':'foo/bar', 'type':'b', 'col':'blue', 'log':'x'}

m = base.matrix(stats.rnorm(100), ncol=5)

graphics.plot(pca, main='Eigen values')

Q&A for Work. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information. Sep 24, 2018 I have trouble running 'library(xlsx)'. Every time I run it, I get an error( See the attachment). I already downloaded package readxl and xlsx and java, but it still cannot work. How to set the Java environment variable in R? BTW, my computer system is Mac OS. Could you help me with this, please?

Select “Ok, remove the listed games from my account permanently.”We’ve told you how to uninstall a game from Steam. Click “Support” from the right section. Open the Steam app → go to your Library → select the game you want to remove. How to find airpods. Then click “I want to permanently remove this game from my account.”. You will see two options, one with a confirmation requirement and the other to cancel the operation.

If you want your Mac's photos to wirelessly sync to all your other iOS devices and computers, you want to set up iCloud Photo Library: Apple's photo sync service lets you back up your images on all your devices, as well as access them — online or offline — on said devices. If you're willing to pay for the extra iCloud storage space, you can store an incredible amount of photos and videos, all accessible at the touch of a button or multi-touch screen.

Here's how to set it up on your Mac and get everything configured to your liking!

How to set up iCloud Photo Library on your Mac

Launch the Photos app on your Mac.
Select the Photos menu in the upper left corner of your screen.
Go to Preferences.
Click on the iCloud tab.
Source: iMore
Check 'iCloud Photos.' This will begin uploading any and all images you have stored in the Photos app to iCloud.
Source: iMoreWhere is library on macbook.

How to optimize your photo and video storage

If you routinely shoot 4K video or high-quality images on your iPhone, iPad, or DSLR, you may run out of storage space fast. (I have a 1TB iMac, but also have almost a terabyte of 4K video stored in iCloud — it gets unwieldy, fast!) This is especially true if you have a Mac laptop with limited hard drive space: It's nice to look at your iPhone's gorgeous Portrait mode photos, but not necessarily always practical to store all of them locally.

Thankfully, Apple offers an Optimize Storage option, which lets you store full-resolution photos and videos of only your most recently shot and accessed imagery; all older photos and videos are available to download via iCloud and are stored as low-resolution previews on your device to save space. You can switch between optimizing your Mac's photos storage or storing your full library locally: Here's how!

Where Are R Libraries Machines

Note: If you plan on using Optimize Storage, we suggest having at least one device that stores your entire library locally (usually a Mac with a large local or external hard drive), so you have multiple backups of your photographs and video.

Launch the Photos app on your Mac.
Click Photos in the App menu in the upper left corner of your screen.
Select Preferences from the drop-down menu.
Source: iMore
Click the iCloud tab.
Click Optimize Mac Storage.
Source: iMore

Full-resolution versions of your photos and videos will be uploaded to iCloud.

How to share photos with iCloud Photo Library

Apple's photo service doesn't just provide online backups and sync for your images and video: The company also offers a free sharing service that allows you to send shared albums to friends and family (or create a publicly-shared website). Here's how to turn it on for your Mac.

Questions?

Let us know in the comments below.

Updated January 2020: Updated for macOS Catalina. Serenity Caldwell worked on a previous version of this post

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Where Are R Libraries Stored On Mac

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